LEYBOLD / GERMANY:

LD Didactic GmbH is a worldwide leading manufacturer of premium science and engineering equipment for academic education and vocational training.
LD Didactic distributes its products and solutions under the brand Leybold.

The combination of chemistry, biology, physics and technology allows us to offer you all-encompassing solutions for your educational situation in fundamentals and application.

Our long years of experience, technical innovation capacity, close cooperation with practicing teachers and instructors allow us to quickly realise custom-tailored products of the highest quality. Our furniture design responds to the needs of the people who work with it, and the concurrent development of teaching aids and furniture means that the components are ideally matched.

 

 

 
 
 
Mechanics - Measuring Methods 

P1.1.1 Measuring lengths

P1.1.2 Measuring volume and density

P1.1.3 Determining the gravitational constant  -  P2
Mechanics - Forces  

P1.2.1 Static effects of forces

P1.2.2 Force as vector

P1.2.3 Lever

P1.2.4 Block and tackle

P1.2.5 Inclined plane

P1.2.6 Friction
Mechanics - Translational motions of a mass point

P1.3.1 One-dimensional motions on the track for students´ experiments
P1  -  P2  -  P3 

P1.3.2 One-dimensional motions on Fletcher’s trolley P1 - P2 - P3

P1.3.3 One-dimensional motions on the linear air track P1  - P2  - P3

P1.3.4 Conservation of linear momentum  P1 - P2

P1.3.5 Free fall P1 - P2

P1.3.6 Angled projection

P1.3.7 Two-dimensional motions on the air table P1 - P2
Mechanics - Rotational motions of a rigid body

P1.4.1 Rotational motions

P1.4.2 Conservation of angular momentum

P1.4.3 Centrifugal force P1 - P2

P1.4.4 Motions of a gyroscope P1 - P2

P1.4.5 Moment of inertia

P1.4.6 Conservation of Energy

Mechanics - Oscillations

P1.5.1 Simple and compound pendulum - P2  P3 - P4  P5

P1.5.2 Harmonic oscillations  - P1 - P2 -  P3 - P4 - P5

P1.5.3 Torsion pendulum P1  - P2

P1.5.4 Coupling of oscillations P1 - P2

 
Mechanics - Wave mechanics

P1.6.1 Transversal and longitudinal waves

P1.6.2 Wave machine

P1.6.3 Circularly polarized waves

P1.6.4 Propagation of water waves

P1.6.5 Interference of water waves
Mechanics - Acoustics

P1.7.1 Sound waves

P1.7.2 Oscillations of a string

P1.7.3 Wavelength and velocity of sound P1 - P2 - P3

P1.7.4 Reflection of ultrasonic waves

P1.7.5 Interference of ultrasonic waves

P1.7.6 Acoustic Doppler effect

P1.7.7 Fourier analysis

P1.7.8 Ultrasound in media

Mechanics - Aero - and hydrodynamics

P1.8.1 Barometric measurements

P1.8.2 Bouyancy

P1.8.3 Viscosity

P1.8.4 Surface tension

P1.8.5 Introductory experiments on aerodynamics

P1.8.6 Measuring air resistance

P1.8.7 Measurements in a wind tunnel

Heat - Thermal Expansion

P2.1.1 Thermal expansion of solids

P2.1.2 Thermal expansion of liquids

P2.1.3 Thermal anomaly of water

Heat - Heat Transfer

P2.2.1 Thermal conductivity

P2.2.2 Solar collector

Heat - Heat as a form of Energy

P2.3.1 Mixing temperatures

P2.3.2 Heat capacities

P2.3.3 Converting mechanical energy into heat

P2.3.4 Converting electrical energy into heat
Heat - Phase Transitions

P2.4.1 Latent heat and vaporization heat

P2.4.2 Measuring vapor pressure

P2.4.3 Critical temperature
Heat -  Kinetic theory of gases

P2.5.1 Brownian motion of molecules 

P2.5.2 Gas laws

P2.5.3 Specific heat of gases
Heat -  Thermodynamic Cycle

P2.6.1 Hot-air engine: qualitative experiments  P1 - P2

P2.6.2 Hot-air engine: quantitative experiments  P1 - P2

P2.6.3 Heat pump
Electricity - Electorstatics  

P3.1.1 Basic experiments on electrostatics  P1 - P2

P3.1.2 Coulomb’s law  P1 - P2 -  P3

P3.1.3 Field lines and equipotential lines  P1 - P2 -  P3

P3.1.4 Effects of force in an electric field  P1 - P2

P3.1.5 Charge distributions on electrical conductors

P3.1.6 Definition of capacitance

P3.1.7 Plate capacitor  P1 - P2 -  P3
Electricity - Fundamentals of electricity

P3.2.1 Charge transfer with drops of water

P3.2.2 Ohm’s law

P3.2.3 Kirchhoff’s laws  P1 - P2

P3.2.4 Circuits with electrical measuring instruments

P3.2.5 Conducting electricity by means of electrolysis

P3.2.6 Experiments on electrochemistr
Electricity - Magneto statics

P3.3.1 Basic experiments on magnetostatics

P3.3.2 Magnetic dipole moment

P3.3.3 Effects of force in a magnetic field

P3.3.4 Biot-Savart’s law
Electricity - Electromagnetic induction

P3.4.1 Voltage impulse

P3.4.2 Induction in a moving conductor loop

P3.4.3 Induction by means of a variable magnetic field

P3.4.4 Eddy currents

P3.4.5 Transformer  P1 - P2

P3.4.6 Measuring the earth’s magnetic field
Electricity - Electrical machines

P3.5.1 Basic experiments on electrical machines

P3.5.2 Electric generators

P3.5.3 Electric motors

P3.5.4 Three-phase machines
Electricity - DC and AC circuits

P3.6.1 Circuit with capacitor

P3.6.2 Circuit with coil

P3.6.3 Impedances

P3.6.4 Measuring-bridge circuits

P3.6.5 Measuring AC voltages and AC currents

P3.6.6 Electrical work and power  P1 - P2

P3.6.7 Electromechanical devices
Electricity - Electromagnetic oscillations and waves

P3.7.1 Electromagnetic oscillator circuit

P3.7.2 Decimeter-range waves

P3.7.3 Propagation of decimeter-range waves along lines

P3.7.4 Microwaves

P3.7.5 Propagation of microwaves along lines

P3.7.6 Directional characteristic of dipole radiation
Electricity - Free charge carriers in a vacuum

P3.8.1 Tube diode

P3.8.2 Tube triode

P3.8.3 Maltese-cross tube

P3.8.4 Perrin tube

P3.8.5 Thomson tube

Electricity - Electrical conduction in gases

P3.9.1 Spontaneous and non-spontaneous discharge

P3.9.2 Gas discharge at reduced pressure

P3.9.3 Cathode rays and canal rays
Electronics - Components and basic circuits

P4.1.1 Current and voltage sources  P1 - P2

P4.1.2 Special resisistors

P4.1.3 Diodes

P4.1.4 Diode circuits

P4.1.5 Transistors

P4.1.6 Transistor circuits

P4.1.7 Optoelectronics
Electronics - Operational amplifier

P4.2.1 Internal design of an operational amplifier

P4.2.2 Operational amplifier circuits
Electronics - Open- and closed-loop control

P4.3.1 Open-loop control

P4.3.2 Closed-loop control
Optics - Geometrical optics

P5.1.1 Reflection, refraction

P5.1.2 Laws of imaging

P5.1.3 Image distortion

P5.1.4 Optical instruments
Optics - Dispersion and chromatics

P5.2.1 Refractive index and dispersion

P5.2.2 Decomposition of white light

P5.2.3 Color mixing

P5.2.4 Absorption spectra  P1 - P2

P5.2.5 Reflection spectra
Optics - Wave optics

P5.3.1 Diffraction   P1 - P2 -   P3 - P4

P5.3.2 Two-beam interference

P5.3.3 Newton´s Rings

P5.3.4 Michelson interferometer   P1 - P2

P5.3.5 Mach-Zehnder interferometer

P5.3.6 White-light Reflection Holography

P5.3.6.1 Creating white-light reflection holograms on the laser optics base plate

P5.3.7 Transmission Holography
Optics - Polarization

P5.4.1 Basic experiments

P5.4.2 Birefringence

P5.4.3 Optical activity, polarimetry

P5.4.4 Kerr effect

P5.4.5 Pockels effect

P5.4.6 Faraday effect

Optics - Light intensity

P5.5.1 Quantities and measuring methods of lighting engineering

P5.5.2 Laws of radiation
Optics - Velocity of light

P5.6.1 Measurement according to Foucault/Michelson

P5.6.2 Measuring with short light pulses

P5.6.3 Measuring with an electronically modulated signal   P1 - P2
Optics - Spectrometer

P5.7.1 Prism spectrometer

P5.7.2 Grating spectrometer   P1 - P2 -   P3
Optics - Laser optics

P5.8.1 Helium-neon laser   P1 - P2

P5.8.5 Technical applications
Atomic & nuclear physics - Introductory experiments

P6.1.1 Oil-spot experiment

P6.1.2 Millikan experiment

P6.1.3 Specific electron charge

P6.1.4 Planck’s constant   P1 - P2  P3

P6.1.5 Dual nature of wave and particle

P6.1.6 Paul trap
Atomic & nuclear physics - Atomic shell

P6.2.1 Balmer series of hydrogen   P1 - P2

P6.2.2 Emission and absorption spectra   P1 - P2 -  P3

P6.2.3 Inelastic collisions of electrons

P6.2.4 Franck-Hertz experiment   P1 - P2

P6.2.6 Electron spin resonance

P6.2.7 Normal Zeeman effect

P6.2.8 Optical pumping (anomalous Zeeman effect)
Atomic & nuclear physics - X-ray physics

P6.3.1 Detection of X-rays   P1 - P2

P6.3.2 Attenuation of X-rays

P6.3.3 Physics of the atomic shell

P6.3.5 X-ray energy spectroscopy

P6.3.6 Structure of X-ray spectrums

P6.3.7 Compton effect at X-rays

P6.3.8 X-ray Tomography
Atomic & nuclear physics - Radioactivity

P6.4.1 Detecting radioactivity

P6.4.2 Poisson distribution

P6.4.3 Radioactive decay and half-life

P6.4.4 Attenuation of α-, β- and γ radiation
Atomic & nuclear physics - Nuclear physics

P6.5.1 Demonstrating paths of particles

P6.5.2 Rutherford scattering

P6.5.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance

P6.5.4 α spectroscopy

P6.5.5 γ spectroscopy

P6.5.6 Compton effect
Atomic & nuclear physics - Quantum physics

P6.6.1 Quantum optics

P6.6.2 Particles .
Solid-state physics - Properties of crystals

P7.1.1 Crystal structure

P7.1.2 X-ray scattering

P7.1.4 Elastic and plastic deformation
Solid-state physics - Conduction phenomena

P7.2.1 Hall effect

P7.2.2 Electrical conductivity in solids

P7.2.3 Photoconductivity

P7.2.4 Luminescence

P7.2.5 Thermoelectricity

P7.2.6 Superconductivity
Solid-state physics - Magnetism

P7.3.1 Dia-, para- and ferromagnetism

P7.3.2 Ferromagnetic hysteresis
Solid-state physics - Scanning probe microscopy

P7.4.1 Scanning tunneling microscope
Solid-state physics - Applied solid-state physics

P7.5.1 X-ray fluorescence analysis